Idea lähti energetic foorumilta.
http://www.energeticforum.com/eric-doll ... story.html
What is the ether and why is it so difficult to detect it? I reflected on this matter for a seriously long time and here are the outcomes I have been led to: I think that all the contradictions about whether the ether exists or not are the result of wrong interpretation of ether’s properties. The ether has always been presented as an aeroform environment. That was the essential mistake. The ether has a very strong density. It is known that of more dense a substance, the higher is the speed of wave propagation within it. When comparing acoustic speed in the air and the light speed I have drawn a conclusion that ether density is several thousand times higher than air density. It is not the ether that is aeroform but the material world is an aeroform to the ether! But as the ether is electrically neutral it very poorly interacts with the material world. Notwithstanding that poor interaction we still can feel the ether’s existence.
A good example for such an interaction becomes apparent in gravitation, which should rather be named universal compression. I think the material bodies do not gravitate between each other but it is the ether that makes one material body to press to another. We wrongly call this phenomena gravitation...
Nikola Tesla "Lost" Manuscript? Not Verified as being authentic or not. Read it for yourself..
http://merlib.org/node/4004
Nikola Tesla, the discoverer of radio, claimed repeatedly that the electromagnetic radiation theory (then known as the Hertzian wave theory) was inimical to the proper understanding of the wireless process as he conceived it.
The electromagnetic theory, or what was known as the Hertzian wave theory in Tesla's era, fails to explain certain observations made in practical radio engineering. According to E.M. theory the propagating velocity of electric induction must be the velocity of light. In the practical world of engineering however, the factor π/2, or 1.57 times the velocity of light will appear in wave calculations. Is it not coincidental that Tesla claimed that the effective propagation velocity of his wireless system was π/2 faster than the so-called speed of light?
Also, according to E.M. theory, the propagation of electric induction must be the cross combination of the dielectric induction and the magnetic induction, these two inductions never propagating independently. The work of J.J. Thomson and M. Faraday indicate that these two distinct forms of induction do propagate independently. Wheatstone claimed that the dielectric induction propagated at π/2 times faster than light. (Eric Dollard 1988.)
TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY
http://www.tuks.nl/wiki/index.php/Main/ ... lectricity
Lord Kelvin felt that it was possible to establish compressional waves, such as sound waves, thru the luminiferous aether, these waves being a version of Maxwell's displacement current. This current, often called capacitor current, flows thru electric insulators, and even thru so called empty space. No conductors or electron flux is involved with this current. Kelvin indicated his feelings that these waves must propagate faster than the velocity of light. To quote Kelvin's description of the actions of the induction in the space between the plates of a capacitor fed by an alternator:
"Now does any one believe that, if the revolution were made fast enough, the electrostatic law of force, pure and simple, would apply to the air at different distances from each plate? Everyone believes that if the process can be conducted fast enough, several million times, or millions of millions times per second, we should have large deviations from the electrostatic law in the distribution of electric force through the air in the neighborhood. It seems absolutely certain that such an action as that going on would give rise to electrical waves. Now, it does seem to me probable that these electrical waves are condensational waves in the luminiferous aether; and probably it would be that the propagation of these waves would be enormously faster than the propagation of ordinary light waves."
The velocity of dielectric propagation was experimentally verified by Prof. Wheatstone to be π/2 times faster than the velocity of light. Tesla also states this velocity in his writings on wave propagation.
In view of these scientific discoveries, and the fact that Oliver Heaviside developed a theory of faster than light electrons which was confirmed by Dr. Tesla, it is a wonder how the present notions of electromagnetism and its limiting velocity as purported by Einstein an his followers have dominated electric theory. It is of particular interest to note that C.P. Steinmetz did not consider Hertzian waves as transmission of energy but as energy loss by the hysteresis of the aether.”
Induction In The Dimension Of Time
http://www.tuks.nl/wiki/index.php/Main/ ... sionOfTime
In the beam, Tesla found that he could transmit direct current energy over incredible distances, and this energy not diverging out of the beam, much tighter, more compact than any laser ever built. In the longitudinal mode through the ground, there were really no losses and the lightbulb would light up at the other end. Marconi, in an attempt to circumvent the Tesla patents, changed the impedance of the system and used the flat top antenna where you would get transverse electromagnetic propagations at 186,000 mi./s and longitudinal magnetic dielectric transmissions at 291,000 mi./s. For those that want to go back through history, Prof. Wheatstone proclaimed that the velocity of electrostatic induction was Pi over 2 times the velocity of light. Those of you that know about electronics and electricity, I'm sure you've heard of the Wheatstone bridge. Wheatstone was a very important researcher”
Sbarc Lecture
http://www.tuks.nl/wiki/index.php/Main/SbarcLecture
He achieved renown by a great experiment – the measurement of the velocity of electricity in a wire. He cut the wire at the middle, to form a gap which a spark might leap across, and connected its ends to the poles of a Leyden jar filled with electricity. Three sparks were thus produced, one at each end of the wire, and another at the middle. He mounted a tiny mirror on the works of a watch, so that it revolved at a high velocity, and observed the reflections of his three sparks in it. The points of the wire were so arranged that if the sparks were instantaneous, their reflections would appear in one straight line; but the middle one was seen to lag behind the others, because it was an instant later. The electricity had taken a certain time to travel from the ends of the wire to the middle. This time was found by measuring the amount of lag, and comparing it with the known velocity of the mirror. Having got the time, he had only to compare that with the length of half the wire, and he could find the velocity of electricity. His results gave a calculated velocity of 288,000 miles per second, i.e. faster than what we now know to be the speed of light (186,282 miles/sec, 299,792 km/sec), but were nonetheless an interesting approximation.
It was afterwards found that the velocity of an electric field travelling in a cable depends on the nature of the conductor, its resistance, and its electrostatic capacity. Michael Faraday showed, for example, that its velocity in a submarine wire, coated with insulator and surrounded with water, is only 144,000 miles per second (232,000 km/s), or still less.
Charles Wheatstone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone
Charles Wheatstone 1834. An Account of some Experiments to measure the Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light."
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Reference_Materi ... 0Light.pdf
Kun maili on 1.609344 kilometriä, kokeessa ’sähköisen valon’ etenemisnopeus oli 463 491 km/s eli noin 1,546 x valonnopeus tyhjiössä.
Mahdollisia yhteyksiä ~ Aaltojen analogiaa
In solids, p-wave (longitudinal) speed is compressive strength [Oops! I mean modulus] divided by density of the medium; s-wave (transverse) speed is sheer strength [Oops! I mean modulus] divided by density. Transverse waves are always slower than longitudinal waves in the same medium because sheer strength is always less than compressive strength. Earthquake waves, for example: The p-waves are many times faster than the s-waves. [Modulus us like a spring constant; it's the ratio of stress to strain.]
A gas has no sheer strength, so it does not provide a medium for transverse waves. So there are no transverse waves in air that can be compared to sound waves.
As for light waves, the popular myth is that there is no ether---no light wave medium. In fact, it is true that the maths of general relativity work okay without saying anything about a medium; but that doesn't mean there is no medium; and mathematical space-time is not a medium.”
Why do transverse waves travel faster than longitudinal waves?
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/inde ... 656AAbfYdK
P-wave (longitudinal waves, suhteellisen nopeita pitkittäisiä aaltoja)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-wave
S-wave (transverse waves, suhteellisen hitaita poikittaisia aaltoja)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-wave
NASA's Advanced Energetics for Aeronautical Applications: Volume II also has a piece on longitudinal waves, referring a.o. to Eric Dollard (BSRF):
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Reference_Materi ... L%20II.pdf
page 61 Quote:
"The BSRF researchers claimed that they have demonstrated that the wave propagation velocities of transverse waves and longitudinal waves are significantly different, even when they are produced by the same signal source.
The wave velocity of transverse waves was determined by measuring the frequency for which low-power radio waves directly coupled to the end of a conductor of known length produced a resonance condition that resulted in a maximum voltage measured at the "far" (nonsource) end of the conductor. Wave velocity was calculated as (resonant) frequency times wave length, which was equal to frequency times conductor length times four. (The factor of four is included because reflected energy and input energy result in a maximum output when the conductor length is one-quarter of the full [electric] wave length.) The wave velocity of longitudinal waves was determined in a very similar manner; however, the radio waves were capacitively (i.e., not directly) coupled to one end of a conductor equal in length to the conductor used for the transverse wave velocity measurement. As was done for transverse waves, wave velocity was calculated as (resonant) frequency times conductor length times four.
The results of these determinations were as follows:
– transverse wave velocity = 2.44 x 108 m/s = 0.81 x c; and
– longitudinal wave velocity = 3.74 x 108 m/s = 1.25 x c.
The velocity of transverse waves in "free space" (i.e., not confined to a conductor or other physical material) has been measured to be 3.00 x 108 m/s, and this value is commonly referred to as "the velocity of light, c" (Ref. 25)."
When we divide these velocities we get 1.25 / 0.81 = 1.54, very close to 1.57 (pi/2).
In other words: these measurements by Eric Dollard a.o. confirm that with a conductor as a medium, in which the speed of light equals 0.81 x c, the longitudinal waves propagate a factor pi/2 faster than the transverse waves. (Arend Lammertink – Lamare 2011.)
The essential difference between transversal and longitudinal modes is this:
a) a difference between propagation speed with a factor pi/2 regardless of the medium;
b) "open" versus "closed" feedline.
One end of the antenna, wether a sphere or a straight wire, is always open. That's where you per definition get a voltage node. At the feed point, you get either a voltage or a current node, depending on wether or not the feed point is able to "float" freely with regards to it's potential.
Normally, the feed is connected to a more or less fixed potential, so you get a current node at your feed. Since Eric Dollard used capacitive coupling in his longitudinal demonstration, I concluded that you need to have a voltage node at your feed, which you can achieve by capacitively coupling your transmitter to the feed point.
The interesting thing is that because of the factor pi/2 (1.57) the resonance frequencies of longitudinal vs. transversal modes are that different that your eventual configuration gets a clear preference for one of these modes at the desired frequency. In other words: you can suppress the transversal mode substantially with proper design.
So, in order to make a longitudinal transmitter antenna, you need to make an n * 1/2 lambda antenna *and* you have to make sure that *both* ends of your antenna are "open" with respect to the applied potential, so hardly as little current as possible flows between your transmitter and your antenna, which results in the magnetic (transversal) components of your wave being supressed to a substantial degree. (Lamare 2011.)
Analysis of this situation proved that electrical energy or electrically productive energies were being projected from the impulse device as rays, not waves. Tesla was amazed to find these rays absolutely longitudinal in their action through space, describing them in a patent as "light-like rays". These observations conformed with theoretical expectations described in 1854 by Kelvin.
In another article Tesla calls them "dark-rays", and "rays which are more light-like in character". The rays neither diminished with the inverse square of the distance nor the inverse of the distance from their source.
They seemed to stretch out in a progressive shock-shell to great distances without any apparent loss.
…
Tesla discovered that excessive sparking, though impressive to observers, were actually "lossy instabilities". The distant radiant effects he desired were interrupted and distorted whenever sparking occurred. Both sparking and brush discharges actually ruined the distant broadcast effects of radiant electricity, a situation that had to be remedied. Tesla sought elimination of the discharges now.
Tesla had already found that metals could focus radiant electrical effects. Additional stability in his Transformers could be achieved with the addition of large copper spheres to the active terminals. Tesla considered copper spheres to be "Aether gas reservoirs", providing his transmitters with an additional Aether gas supply.
…
He found to his very great surprise that very distantly positioned vacuum tubes could be lit to great white brilliance when the primary system was operating. The requirement for this action was twofold. First both the system and the receivers had to be grounded. Second, specific volumes of copper had to be connected to the receivers.
When these two requirements were satisfied, lamps maximized their brilliance, and motors operated with power. Copper in the receiver had to "match" the copper mass of the transmitter in a very special equivalence, otherwise radiant transfer would not be efficient. The requirements differed very much from those of ordinary radio antennas. (Gerry Vassilatos 1999.)
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/tesla ... sla_24.htm
Nikola Tesla has said in a patent about improvements relating to the Transmission of Electrical energy (4) :
".....Stated otherwise, the terrestrial conductor is thrown into resonance with the oscillations impressed upon it just like a wire. More than this, a number of facts ascertained by me clearly show, that the movement of electricity through it follows certain laws with nearly mathematical rigor. For the present it will be sufficient to state, that the earth behaves like a perfectly smooth or polished conductor of inappreciable resistance, with capacity and self-induction uniformly distributed along the axis of symmetry of waves propagation and transmitting slow electrical oscillations without sensible distortion and attenuation. Besides the above, three requirements seem to be essential to the establishment of the resonating condition.
The earth's diameter passing through the pole should be an odd multiple of the quarter wave-length, that is, of the ratio between the velocity of light and four times the frequency of the currents.
It is necessary to employ oscillations, in which the rate of radiation of energy into space in the form of Hertzians or electromagnetic waves is very small. To give an idea I would say, that the frequency should be smaller than twenty thousand per second, through shorter waves might be practicable. The lowest frequency would appear to be six per second, in which case there will be but one node, at or near the ground plate, and, paradoxical as it may seem, the opposite the transmitter. With oscillations still slower the earth, strictly speaking, will not resonate, but simply act as capacity, and the variation of potential will be more or less uniform over its entire surface.
The most essential requirement is, however, that irrespective of frequency, the wave or wave train should continue for a certain interval of time, which I have estimated to be not less than one twelfth-or probably 0.08484-of a second, and which is taken in passing to, and returning from the region diametrically opposite the pole, over the earth's surface, with a mean velocity of about 471,240 kilometers per second......" (Jean-Louis Naudin 1999.)
The Tesla's Magnifying Transmitter
http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/tmt.htm
There are 4 independent measurements of waves propagating at a speed of more than 1.5 times the speed of transverse waves trough the same medium:
1. Wheatstone ( Charles Wheatstone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia )
2. Nikola Tesla ( Tuks DrippingPedia : Tesla No High Speed Limit - http://www.tuks.nl/wiki/index.php/Main/ ... SpeedLimit )
3. Dollard ( Transverse & Longitudinal Electric Waves - Eric Dollard And Thomas Joseph Brown on Vimeo - http://vimeo.com/12721160 )
4. Meyl ( Konstantin Meyl, Scalar - Faraday vs. Maxwell - http://www.energeticforum.com/renewable ... xwell.html )
(Lamare 2011.)
Paljon on opittavaa, ei anneta periksi.
